Disease rating scales

• Anxiety rating scale
  • Hamilton anxiety rating scale
• Apathy Evaluation Scale
  • Lille apathy rating scale
• Ataxia rating scales
  • Brief ataxia rating scale
• Dementia rating scale
  • Mattis dementia rating scale
• Depression rating scale
  • Beck depression inventory
  • Geriatric depression scale
  • Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale
  • The Hamilton depression rating scale
• Dyskinesia rating scale
• Dystonia rating scale
  • Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden dystonia rating scale
  • Toronto Western spasmodic torticollis rating scale
  • Unified dystonia rating scale
• Huntington's disease rating scale
  • Unified Huntington's disease rating scale
• Multiple system atrophy rating scale
  • Unified multiple system atrophy rating scale
• Myoclonus rating scale
  • Unified myoclonus rating scale
• Other rating scales
  • Abnormal involuntary movement scale
  • Activities-specific balance confidence scale
  • Clinical global impression scale
  • Sickness impact profile questionnaire
  • The Berg balance scale
  • Visual analog scale
  • Wechsler adult intelligence scale
• Parkinson disease rating scale
  • Freezing of gait questionnaire
  • Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale
    • MDS Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale
• Psychosis rating scale
  • Brief psychiatric rating scale
• Sleep rating scale
  • Epworth sleepiness scale
  • Parkinson's disease sleep scale
  • Pittsburgh sleep quality index
• Spasticity rating scale
  • Modified Ashworth scale
• Tic rating scale
  • Yale global tic severity scale
• Tremor rating scale
  • Essential tremor rating assessment scale
  • Tremor disability questionnaire

Drug-induced movement disorders

• Drug-induced dyskinesia
  • Drug-induced chorea
  • Drug-induced dystonia
  • Drug-induced myoclonus
  • Drug-induced tremor
• Drug-induced parkinsonism
• Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
• Tardive dyskinesia

Genetics of movement disorders

• Genetics of other movement disorders
  • ADCY5 mutation
  • DYT1 mutation
  • GCH1 mutation
  • GLRA1 mutation
  • GNAL mutation
  • POLG1 mutation
  • SGCE mutation
  • THAP1 mutation
  • TUBB4A mutation
• Genetics of Parkinson's disease
  • GBA mutation
  • LRRK2 mutation
  • Parkin mutation
  • PINK 1 mutation
  • PTRHD1 mutation
  • R1441G mutation
  • SNCA mutation
  • VPS35 mutation

Hyperkinetic movement disorders

• Athetosis
• Chorea
  • Benign hereditary chorea
  • Generalized chorea
  • Huntington's chorea
  • Senile chorea
• Dystonia
  • Embouchure dystonia
  • Focal dystonia
  • Generalized dystonia
  • Idiopathic dystonia
  • Isolated dystonia
  • Multifocal dystonia
  • Occupational dystonia
  • Paroxysmal dystonia
  • Primary dystonia
  • Primary torsion dystonia
  • Secondary dystonia
  • Segmental dystonia
  • Status dystonicus
• Hemiballismus
• Myoclonus
  • Brainstem myoclonus
  • Cortical myoclonus
  • Multifocal myoclonus
  • Myoclonic epilepsy
  • Peripheral myoclonus
  • Reticular reflex myoclonus
  • Segmental myoclonus
  • Spinal myoclonus
• Painful legs and moving toes
• Paroxysmal dyskinesia
  • Paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia
  • Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia
  • Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia
• Stereotypy
• Tics
  • Motor tics
  • Vocal tics
• Tremor
  • Action tremor
  • Cerebellar tremor
  • Dystonic tremor
  • Essential tremor
  • Holmes tremor
  • Indeterminate tremor
  • Intention tremor
  • Kinetic tremor
  • Neuropathic tremor
  • Orthostatic tremor
  • Palatal tremor
  • Parkinsonian tremor
  • Physiologic tremor
  • Postural tremor
  • Primary writing tremor

Hypokinetic movement disorders

• Parkinsonism
  • Atypical parkinsonism
    • Corticobasal degeneration
    • Lewy body dementia
    • Multiple system atrophy
    • Progressive supranuclear palsy
  • Primary parkinsonism
    • Juvenile parkinsonism
    • Parkinson's disease
  • Secondary parkinsonism
    • Postencephalitic parkinsonism
    • Vascular parkinsonism

Molecular mechanisms of movement disorders

• Mechanism of Hyperkinetic movement disorders
  • 18-bp deletion
  • CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion
  • GAG deletion
• Mechanism of Parkinson's disease
  • Lewy body pathology
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction
  • Oxidative stress
  • Programmed cell death
  • Protein aggregation
    • Alpha-synuclein aggregation
    • Tau aggregation

Motor symptoms

• Bradykinesia
• Freezing
• Postural instability
• Rigidity
  • Cogwheel rigidity

Movement disorder associated diseases

• Autoimmune disease
  • Celiac disease
  • Chediak-Higashi syndrome
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Infectious diseases
  • Bacterial infection
    • Streptococcal infection
  • Viral infection
    • HIV infection
• Metabolic diseases
  • Acanthocytosis
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Niemann-Pick disease
• Neurological diseases
  • Akinetic mutism
  • Alexander disease
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • Ataxia
    • Cerebellar ataxia
    • Episodic ataxia
    • Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome
    • Friedreich ataxia
    • Gait ataxia
  • Cerebrovascular disorders
    • Ischemic stroke
    • Transient ischaemic attack
  • Cockayne syndrome
  • Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy
  • Fragile X syndrome
  • Gaucher disease
  • Hallervorden-Spatz disease
  • Hemifacial spasm
  • Hepatocerebral degeneration
  • Hereditary spastic paraplegia
  • Hyperekplexia
  • Meige syndrome
  • Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation syndrome
  • Normal pressure hydrocephalus
  • Optic atrophy
  • Periodic leg movements
  • Pisa syndrome
  • Prion disease
  • Restless legs syndrome
  • Rett syndrome
  • Stiff-person syndrome
  • Tourette syndrome
  • Unverricht-Lundborg syndrome
  • Wilson's disease
• Nutritional deficiencies
  • Iron deficiency
• Paraneoplastic syndrome
  • Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome

Movement disorder management

• Allied therapies
  • Acupuncture therapy
  • Cognitive behavioral therapy
  • Occupational therapy
    • Cognitive training
    • Motor training
  • Physical therapy
    • Balance training
    • Cueing therapy
    • Nordic walking
    • Resistance training
    • Tai chi
    • Treadmill training
  • Speech therapy
• Botulinum neurotoxin
  • Botulinum toxin type A
  • Botulinum toxin type B
• Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion
• Electrical stimulation therapy
  • Deep brain stimulation
    • Pallidal deep brain stimulation
    • Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation
    • Thalamic deep brain stimulation
  • Spinal cord stimulation
  • Theta burst stimulation
  • Transcranial direct current stimulation
  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation
  • Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
• Electroconvulsive therapy
• Gene therapy
• Pharmacologic treatment
  • Adrenergic antagonist
  • Anticholinergic agent
  • Antidepressants
    • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
    • Tricyclic antidepressant
  • Antipsychotic agent
  • Antiseizure agent
    • Valproic acid
  • Cholinesterase inhibitor
  • COMT-inhibitor
    • Entacapone
    • Tolcapone
  • Dopamine agonist
    • Apomorphine
    • Pergolide
    • Pramipexole
    • Ropinirole
    • Rotigotine
  • Duodopa therapy
  • Levodopa therapy
  • MAO-B inhibitor
• Stereotactic surgery
  • Ablation techniques
    • High-intensity focused ultrasound
  • Functional neurosurgery
    • Motor cortex stimulation
  • Pallidotomy
    • Bilateral pallidotomy
    • Unilateral pallidotomy
  • Thalamotomy

Neuroanatomy of movement disorders

• Basal ganglia
  • Globus pallidus
    • External globus pallidus
    • Internal globus pallidus
  • Striatum
    • Caudate nucleus
    • Nucleus accumbens
    • Putamen
  • Substantia nigra
    • Substantia nigra pars compacta
    • Substantia nigra pars reticulata
  • Subthalamic nucleus
• Brain stem
  • Medulla oblongata
    • Inferior olive
    • Pyramid
  • Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus
  • Pons
    • Locus coeruleus
  • Raphe nuclei
  • Red nucleus
• Cerebellar cortex
  • Purkinje cells
• Cerebellar nucleus
• Cerebral cortex
  • Frontal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Sensorimotor cortex
  • Temporal lobe
• Cranial nerve
  • Facial nerve
  • Trigeminal nerve
    • Supraorbital nerve
  • Vagus nerve
• Gray matter
  • Cerebral gray matter
  • Spinal cord gray matter
• Limbic system
  • Amygdala
  • Cingulate gyrus
  • Hippocampus
• Peripheral nerve
  • Median nerve
  • Tibial nerve
  • Ulnar nerve
    • Sural nerve
• Spinal cord
• Thalamus
  • Pulvinar nucleus
  • Ventral intermediate nucleus
• White matter
  • Cerebellar white matter
  • Cerebral white matter
    • Corpus callosum

Non-motor symptoms

• Autonomic dysfunction
  • Dry mouth
  • Erectile dysfunction
  • Excessive sweating
  • Gastrointestinal dysfunction
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Urinary dysfunction
• Dysphagia
  • Oropharyngeal dysphagia
• Fatigue
  • Mental fatigue
  • Physical fatigue
• Musculoskeletal pain
• Neuropsychiatric symptoms
  • Anxiety
  • Apathy
  • Cognitive impairment
  • Delusion
  • Dementia
  • Depression
  • Hallucination
  • Impulse control behaviors
  • Psychosis
• Olfactory dysfunction
• Sleep disturbances
  • Excessive daytime sleepiness
  • Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
  • Sleep apnea
  • Sleep bruxism
• Speech disturbances
  • Slurred speech
  • Stuttering
• Weight gain
• Weight loss

Psychogenic movement disorders

• Psychogenic dystonia
• Psychogenic gait
• Psychogenic parkinsonism
• Psychogenic tremor